Grand Teton National Park, USA
Ili mkati mwa North-Western Wyoming, Grand Teton National Park imadziwika kuti American National Park. Mupeza pano malo otchuka kwambiri a Teton omwe ndi amodzi mwa nsonga zazikulu mu paki yayikuluyi pafupifupi maekala 310,000.
Makampani okopa alendo ku USA amadziwika kuti amatumikira mamiliyoni ndi mamiliyoni a alendo akunja komanso osakhala akunja chaka chilichonse. Mayendedwe oyendera komanso maulendo adayenda bwino ku United States chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamatauni. Pofika m'chaka cha 1850, dziko la United States linayamba kuthandiza alendo ochokera padziko lonse lapansi komanso kupanga cholowa chake monga zodabwitsa zachilengedwe, cholowa cha zomangamanga, zotsalira za mbiri yakale komanso zosangalatsa zinatsitsimula. Malo omwe chitukuko chinayamba kuyenda bwino ndi Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, New York, Washington DC ndi San Francisco. Awa anali malo oyamba omwe adawona kusintha kofulumira m'lingaliro lililonse la mawuwa.
Pamene dziko lidayamba kuzindikira zodabwitsa za ku America, pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi Metropolitanization, boma lidayamba kusunga ndi kusunga malo otchuka odzaona alendo. Malo oyendera alendowa akuphatikizapo mapiri opweteka mtima, mapaki ndi kukongola kwina kochitika mwachilengedwe monga mathithi, nyanja, nkhalango, zigwa, ndi zina zambiri.
Ili mkati mwa North-Western Wyoming, Grand Teton National Park imadziwika kuti American National Park. Mupeza pano malo otchuka kwambiri a Teton omwe ndi amodzi mwa nsonga zazikulu mu paki yayikuluyi pafupifupi maekala 310,000. Mtundu wa Teton umatalika mpaka 40-mile-utali (64 km) pafupifupi. Kumpoto kwa pakiyi kumatchedwa 'Jackson Hole' ndipo makamaka kumakhala zigwa.
Pakiyi ili pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 10 kumwera kwa Yellowstone National Park yotchuka kwambiri. Mapaki onsewa amalumikizidwa ndi National Park Service ndipo amasamalidwa ndi a John D Rockefeller Junior Memorial Parkway. Mungadabwe kudziwa kuti kufalikira konse kwa derali kumapangitsa kukhala imodzi mwazachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi komanso zophatikizana kwambiri zapakati pa latitude. Ngati mukukonzekera kuyendera USA, Grand Teton National Park ndi amodzi mwamalo omwe simungakwanitse kuphonya. Kuti mudziwe zonse za pakiyi, kuyambira pomwe idayambira mpaka kukongola kwake kwamakono, tsatirani zomwe zili pansipa kuti mukafika pamalowa, mudziwitsidwe zatsatanetsatane wake ndipo mwina simungafune wowongolera alendo. Wodala kusefa kudutsa paki!
Mbiri ya Grand Teton National Park, USA
Paleo-Amwenye
Chitukuko choyamba cholembetsedwa kukhalapo mu Grand Teton National Park chinali Paleo-Indians, kuyambira zaka pafupifupi 11. Panthawiyo, nyengo ya Jackson Hole Valley inali yozizira kwambiri komanso kutentha koyenerana ndi Alpine. Masiku ano pakiyi ili ndi nyengo yowuma. M'mbuyomu mtundu wa anthu omwe amakhala m'chigwa cha Jackson Hole anali alenje ndipo amasamuka m'moyo wawo. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa nyengo yozizira m'derali, ngati mutayendera pakiyi lero mudzapeza maenje ozimitsa moto omwe alipo ndi zida zomwe zimapangidwira kusaka pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja yotchuka ya Jackson (yomwe ilinso malo odziwika kwambiri oyendera alendo chifukwa cha kukongola kwake. zimatengera). Zida izi ndi zoyatsira moto zidapezeka pambuyo pake.
Kuchokera pazida zomwe zapezedwa patsamba lino, zina mwazo ndi za Clovis Culture ndipo pambuyo pake zidamveka kuti zida izi zidayamba zaka zosachepera 11,500. Zida izi zidapangidwa kuchokera kumitundu ina yamankhwala omwe amatsimikizira magwero a Teton pass yamasiku ano. Ngakhale kuti obsidian inkapezekanso kwa a Paleo-Indian, mikondo yomwe inapezeka pamalowa inanena kuti iwo ndi akumwera.
Iwo akhoza mwachilungamo ankaganiza kuti njira kusamuka kwa Paleo-Amwenye anali kumwera kwa Jackson Hole. Chosangalatsa kudziwa ndichakuti kusamuka kwa magulu amtundu waku America kudasintha kuchokera zaka 11000 kufika zaka 500 zapitazo, kuwonetsanso kuti kudutsa nthawi iyi sikunakhazikitsidwe m'madera a Jackson Hole.
Kufufuza ndi Kukulitsa
Ulendo woyamba wosavomerezeka wopita ku Grand Teton National Park unali Lewis ndi Clark omwe adadutsa kumpoto kwa derali. Inali nthawi yachisanu pamene Colter anadutsa derali ndipo anali munthu woyamba wa ku Caucasus kuponda pansi pa pakiyo.
Mtsogoleri wa Lewis ndi Clark, William Clark, anapereka ngakhale mapu omwe anatsindika za ulendo wawo wam'mbuyomo ndipo anasonyeza kuti maulendo oyendayenda anapangidwa ndi John Colter m'chaka cha 1807. Mwachiyembekezo, izi zinasankhidwa ndi Clark ndi Colter pamene anakumana ku Saint Louis Missouri m'chaka cha 1810.
Komabe, ulendo woyamba wothandizidwa ndi boma ku Grand Teton National Park unali m’chaka cha 1859 mpaka 1860 wotchedwa Raynolds Expedition. Ulendo umenewu unatsogoleredwa ndi mkulu wa asilikali William F. Raynolds ndipo anatsogoleredwa ndi Jim Bridger, yemwe anali munthu wamapiri. Ulendowu unaphatikizaponso katswiri wa zachilengedwe F Hayden yemwe pambuyo pake adakonza maulendo ena kumalo omwewo. Ulendowu udakonzedwa kuti ukapeze ndikuwunika dera la Yellowstone koma chifukwa cha chipale chofewa komanso nyengo yozizira kwambiri, adasiya ntchitoyo kuti atetezeke. Pambuyo pake, Bridger adapotoloka ndikuwongolera ulendo wolowera kum'mwera kudutsa chiphaso cha mgwirizano chomwe chimalowera ku Mtsinje wa Gros Ventre ndipo pamapeto pake adatuluka m'derali kudutsa mtsinje wa Teton.
Chikumbutso cha Yellowstone National Park chidachitika mwalamulo mchaka cha 1872 chakumpoto kwa Jackson Hole. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, osamalira zachilengedwe analinganiza kuti aphatikizepo mtunda wa Teton mkati mwa malire okulirakulira a Yellowstone National Park.
Pambuyo pake, Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adapeza chipilala cha National Jackson Hole maekala 221,000 chojambulidwa mchaka cha 1943. Chipilalachi panthawiyo chinadzutsa mkangano chifukwa chinamangidwa pamalo operekedwa ndi kampani ya nthaka ya Snake River ndipo chinaphimbanso malo operekedwa ndi nkhalango ya Teton National. Panthawiyi, mamembala a chipani cha Congress nthawi zonse ankayesetsa kuti chipilalacho chichotsedwe pamalopo.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, anthu a m’dzikoli anachirikiza kuphatikizidwa kwa chipilalacho ku malo a pakiyo ndipo ngakhale kuti panali chitsutso cha zipani za m’deralo, chipilalacho chinawonjezedwa bwino pa malowo.
Linali banja la a John D Rockefeller omwe anali ndi famu ya JY kumalire ndi Grand Teton National Park kulowera Kumwera chakumadzulo. Banjali linasankha kupereka umwini wa famu yawo ku paki yomanga malo osungirako Lawrance S Rockefeller mu November 2007. Izi zinaperekedwa ku dzina lawo pa June 21, 2008.
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Geography ya dzikolo
Ili pakatikati pa North-Western dera la USA, Grand Teton National Park ili ku Wyoming. Monga tanenera kale, dera la kumpoto kwa pakiyo limatetezedwa ndi John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, yomwe imasamalidwa ndi Grand Teton National Park. Kum'mwera kwa Grand Teton National Park kumakhala misewu yokongola kwambiri yomwe ili ndi dzina lomweli.
Kodi mumadziwa kuti Grand Teton National Park ili pamtunda wa maekala pafupifupi 310,000? Pomwe, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway amafika pafupifupi maekala 23,700. Chigawo chachikulu cha chigwa cha Jackson Hole ndipo mwinanso nsonga zambiri zamapiri zowoneka kuchokera ku Teton Range zili mkati mwa paki.
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem yafalikira kumadera atatu osiyanasiyana ndipo imapanga imodzi mwazachilengedwe zazikulu kwambiri, zophatikizana zapakati pa latitude zomwe zimapuma padziko lapansi lero.
Ngati mukuyenda kuchokera ku Salt Lake City, Utah, ndiye kuti mtunda wanu kuchokera ku Grand Teton National Park ungakhale mphindi 290 (470 km) pamsewu ndipo ngati mukuyenda kuchokera ku Denver, Colorado ndiye kuti mtunda wanu panjira uyenera kukhala 550. mphindi (890 km), pamsewu
Jackson dzenje
Jackson dzenje
Jackson Hole kwenikweni ndi chigwa chozama chokongola chomwe chimakwera pafupifupi 6800 ft., kuya kwake pafupifupi pafupifupi 6,350 ft. (1,940 m) ndipo chili pafupi kwambiri ndi malire akum'mwera kwa paki ndipo ndi 55-mile-utali (89 km). ) m’litali ndi m’lifupi mwake pafupifupi makilomita 13 mpaka 10 m’lifupi. Chigwachi chili chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Teton, ndipo chimatsetsereka mpaka 30,000 ft. (9,100 m), kubereka Teton Fault ndi mapasa ake ofananira nawo omwe amalembedwa chakum'mawa kwa chigwacho. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chipilala cha Jackson Hole chimatchedwa khoma lolendewera ndipo chipilala chamapiri cha Teton chimakumbukiridwa ngati khoma.
Dera la Jackson Hole nthawi zambiri limakhala lathyathyathya lokhala ndi malo okwera kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto. Komabe, kupezeka kwa Blacktail Butte ndi mapiri ngati Signal phiri kumatsutsana ndi tanthauzo la mapiri a mapiri.
Ngati mukufuna kuwona mapiri a glacial pakiyi, muyenera kupita kumwera chakum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Jackson. Kumeneko mudzapeza mano ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti 'ketulo' m'derali. Ma ketulo awa amabadwa pamene ayezi omwe ali mkati mwa miyala ya konkire amatsukidwa ngati madzi oundana ndikukhazikika m'malo omwe angopangidwa kumene.
Mapiri a Teton
Mapiri a Teton amayambira kumpoto mpaka kumwera ndipo amachokera ku dothi la Jackson Hole. Kodi mumadziwa kuti mapiri a Teton ndi mapiri aang'ono kwambiri omwe sanapangidwepo m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Rocky? Phirili limayang'ana chakumadzulo komwe limakwera modabwitsa kuchokera ku chigwa cha Jackson Hole chomwe chili chakum'mawa koma chimadziwika kwambiri ku chigwa cha Teton kumadzulo.
Kuwunika kwa malo komwe kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi kumasonyeza kuti zivomezi zambiri zomwe zimachitika ku Teton chifukwa cha vuto la Teton zinachititsa kuti pang'onopang'ono chigawocho chisamukire kumadzulo kwake ndi kutsika pansi kumbali ya kum'mawa, ndi kusamuka kwapakati kukhala phazi limodzi (30 cm) kunachitika 300 Zaka 400.
Mitsinje ndi nyanja
Pamene kutentha kwa Jackson Hole kunayamba kutsika, kunachititsa kuti madzi oundana asungunuke mofulumira ndi kupanga nyanja za m’derali, ndipo pakati pa nyanjazi, nyanja yaikulu kwambiri ndi Nyanja ya Jackson.
Nyanja ya Jackson ili chakumpoto kwa chigwa chomwe chili pafupi ndi 24 km m'litali, 8 km m'lifupi ndipo ndi pafupifupi 438 ft. (134 m) kuya kwake. Koma chomwe chinapangidwa pamanja chinali Dam Lake la Jackson lomwe linapangidwa pamtunda wokwera pafupifupi 40 ft. (12 m).
Derali lilinso ndi mtsinje wodziwika bwino wa Snake (wotchedwanso mawonekedwe ake oyenda) womwe umachokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, kudutsa paki ndikulowa munyanja ya Jackson yomwe ili pafupi ndi malire a Grand Teton National Park. Mtsinjewo umapitilira kulowa m'madzi a damu la Jackson Lake ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, umalowera chakum'mwera ndikudutsa mumtsinje wa Jackson ndikuchoka kudera la paki kupita kumadzulo kwa eyapoti ya Jackson Hole.
Flora ndi Zamoyo
Flora
Kuderali kuli mitundu yoposa XNUMX ya zomera za m’mitsempha. Chifukwa cha kutalika kosiyanasiyana kwa mapiri, zimapangitsa kuti nyama zakutchire ziziyenda bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana ndikupuma m'malo onse okhala ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimaphatikizapo Alpine Tundra ndi Rocky Mountain zomwe zimalola kuti zisankho zichitike m'nkhalango pomwe pansi pa bedi la chigwacho zimamera. kuphatikizika kwa mitengo ya coniferous ndi yophukiranso yomwe imatsagana ndi zigwa za sagebrush yomwe imakula bwino pamtunda wa alluvial. Kutalika kosiyanasiyana kwa mapiri ndi kuti kutentha kosiyanasiyana kumathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa zamoyozo.
Pamtunda wa pafupifupi 10,000 ft. Zomwe zili pamwamba pa mtengowo zimamasula dera la Tundra la chigwa cha Teton. Pokhala dera lopanda mitengo, zamoyo zambirimbiri monga moss ndi ndere, udzu, maluwa akuthengo, ndi zomera zina zodziwika ndi zosazindikirika zimapuma m’nthaka. Mosiyana ndi izi, mitengo monga Limber pine, Whitebark, Pine fir ndi Engelmann spruce imakula bwino.
M'dera laling'ono la Alpine, tikufika ku bedi lachigwa tili ndi spruce wa buluu, Douglas fir ndi lodgepole pine okhala m'derali. Mukayenda pang'ono ku gombe la nyanja ndi mtsinje, mudzapeza thonje, msondodzi, aspen ndi alder zikuyenda bwino m'madambo.
zomera
Chimodzi mwazinthu zokopa alendo ku Grand Teton National Park ndi mitundu yake makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu imodzi ya nyama zomwe zimasungidwa m'malo osasinthasintha. Mitundu iyi ikuphatikizapo nkhandwe yotuwa yokongola yomwe imadziwika kuti idafufutidwa chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 koma idabwereranso kuderali kuchokera ku Yellowstone National Park itabwezeretsedwa kumeneko.
Zochitika zina zofala kwambiri m'mapaki a alendo odzaona malo zingakhale zokongola kwambiri mtsinje otter, thumba, marten ndi Coyote wotchuka kwambiri. Kupatula izi, zina zopezeka mosowa kwambiri ndi chipmunk, yellow-belly marmot, nungu, pika, agologolo, beaver, muskrat ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mileme. Kwa nyama zoyamwitsa zazikulu, tili ndi mbawala zomwe zilipo masauzande ambiri m'derali.
Ngati mumakonda kuwonera mbalame komanso kukonda kudziwa ndi kuwonera mbalame, ndiye kuti malowa angakhale osangalatsa chifukwa mitundu pafupifupi 300 ya mbalame imapezeka kuno pafupipafupi ndipo izi zimaphatikizapo mtundu wa calliope hummingbird, swans wa trumpeter, merganser wamba, bakha wa harlequin, nkhunda ya ku America ndi teal ya mapiko a buluu.
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