I-Grand Teton National Park, eU.SA
Ime kumbindi woMntla-Ntshona weWyoming, iPaki yeSizwe yaseGrand Teton yamkelwa njengePaki yeSizwe yaseMelika. Uya kufumana apha uluhlu oludumileyo lweTeton oluyenye yezona ndawo ziphakamileyo kule paki imalunga ne-310,000 yeehektare.
Ishishini lezokhenketho e-USA laziwa ngokunceda izigidi nezigidi zabakhenkethi bangaphandle nabangengabo abangaphandle minyaka le. Ukhenketho kunye nelungiselelo lokuhamba laphucuka e-United States ukuya ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 emva kokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini. Ngo-1850, i-USA yaqalisa ukunceda abakhenkethi abasuka kwihlabathi liphela kwaye yazinzisa ilifa layo ngendlela yemimangaliso yendalo, ilifa lemveli loyilo, iintsalela zembali kunye nokuvuselela imisebenzi yolonwabo. Iindawo apho uphuhliso lwaqala khona ukuhamba ngokupheleleyo yayiyiBoston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, New York, Washington DC naseSan Francisco. Ezi yayizezona ndawo ziphambili zabona inguqu ekhawulezileyo kuyo yonke intsingiselo yeli gama.
Njengoko ihlabathi laliqala ukuqaphela imimangaliso yaseMelika, kokubini malunga nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nophuhliso lwemetropolitanization, urhulumente waqala ukugcina nokugcina iindawo zabakhenkethi ezidumileyo. Ezi ndawo zabakhenkethi ziquka iinduli ezibuhlungu, iipaki kunye nobunye ubuhle bendalo obufana neengxangxasi, amachibi, amahlathi, iintlambo nokunye.
Ibekwe entliziyweni yeNorth-Western Wyoming, iGrand I-Teton National Park yamkelwa njengePaki yeSizwe yaseMelika. Uya kufumana apha uluhlu oludumileyo lweTeton oluyenye yezona ndawo ziphakamileyo kule paki imalunga ne-310,000 yeehektare. Uluhlu lweTeton lufikelela kwi-40-mile-ubude (64 km) malunga. Inxalenye esemantla yale paki ihamba ngegama elithi 'Jackson Hole' kwaye ngokuyintloko ineentlambo.
Le paki imi malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 emazantsi e-Yellowstone National Park edume kakhulu. Zombini ezi paki ziqhagamshelwe yiNkonzo yePaki yeSizwe kwaye zijongwe nguJohn D Rockefeller Junior Memorial Parkway. Uya kumangaliswa kukwazi ukuba yonke indawo egqunyiweyo yale ndawo yenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona ndawo zibanzi kwaye zidityanisiwe kakhulu kwi-mid-latitude epholileyo. Ukuba uceba ukukhenketha e-USA, iGrand Teton National Park yenye yeendawo ongenakukwazi ukuziphosa. Ukwazi konke malunga nepaki, ukuqala kwimvelaphi yayo ukuya kubungangamsha bayo banamhlanje, landela eli nqaku lingezantsi ukuze xa ufika kule ndawo, waziswe kwangaphambili ngeenkcukacha zayo kwaye usenokungadingi mkhokeli wabakhenkethi. Kumnandi ukusefa epakini!
Imbali yeGrand Teton National Park, eMelika
Paleo-Indians
Impucuko yokuqala ebhalisiweyo ekhoyo kwiGrand Teton National Park yayingamaPaleo-Indian, asusela emva malunga ne-11 lamawaka leminyaka. Ebudeni belo xesha, imozulu ye-Jackson Hole Valley yayibanda kakhulu kwaye ubushushu obufanelekileyo beAlpine. Namhlanje le paki ifumana imozulu eyomileyo. Ngaphambili uhlobo lwabantu ababeza kubamba i-Jackson Hole Valley yayingabazingeli kwaye babefuduka ngendlela yabo yokuphila. Ngenxa yemozulu ebandayo eguquguqukayo yalo mmandla, ukuba undwendwela ipaki namhlanje uya kufumana imingxuma yomlilo esele ikhona kunye nezixhobo ezenzelwe iinjongo zokuzingela kufutshane nonxweme lwechibi elidume kakhulu iJackson (ekwayindawo eqhelekileyo yabakhenkethi kubuhle bembonakalo yalo. ibandakanya). Ezi zixhobo kunye neziko zafunyanwa kamva ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukususela kwizixhobo ezifunyenwe kule ndawo yokwemba, ezinye zazo zingabo Inkcubeko kaClovis yaye kamva kwaqondwa ukuba ezi zixhobo zisusela kwiminyaka engama-11,500 XNUMX ubuncinane. Ezi zixhobo zenziwe ngeendidi ezithile zeekhemikhali ezibonisa imvelaphi yeTeton pass yangoku. Ngelixa i-obsidian yayifikeleleka kuma-Paleo-Indians, imikhonto efunyenwe kwisiza yabonisa ukuba yeyaseMzantsi.
Kunokucingelwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba umjelo wokufuduka kwamaPaleo-Indians wawusuka kumzantsi weJackson Hole. Into enika umdla ukuqaphela yeyokuba indlela yokufuduka yamaqela omthonyama aseMelika yayingekatshintshi ukusuka kwiminyaka eyi-11000 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-500 eyadlulayo, ikwabonisa into yokuba ngesi sithuba sexesha akukho ndlela yokuhlaliswa kwenziwa kwimihlaba yaseJackson Hole.
Ukuphononongwa kunye noKwandiswa
Uhambo lokuqala olungekho semthethweni olwenziwe kwi-Grand Teton National Park yaba nguLewis noClark abadlula eMntla walo mmandla. Yayilixesha lasebusika xa uColter wadlulayo kulo mmandla kwaye ngokusemthethweni wayengumntu wokuqala waseCaucasus ukunyathela kumhlaba wale paki.
Inkokeli kaLewis kunye noClark uWilliam Clark wada wanikela ngemephu eyayibalaselisa uhambo lwabo lwangaphambili kwaye yabonisa ukuba uhambo lwenziwa nguJohn Colter ngonyaka we-1807. Kucingelwa ukuba, oku kwagqitywa nguClark noColter xa badibana eSaint Louis Missouri ngonyaka we-1810.
Nangona kunjalo, iphulo lokuqala elisemthethweni elixhaswa ngurhulumente ukuba lenzeka kwiGrand Teton National Park yayingonyaka we-1859 ukuya kowe-1860 elalibizwa ngokuba yiRaynolds Expedition. Olu hambo lwalukhokelwa ngumphathi-mkhosi uWilliam F. Raynolds kwaye wayekhokelwa kwindlela yakhe nguJim Bridger, owayeyindoda yasentabeni. Olu hambo lukwaquka isazi ngendalo uF Hayden owathi kamva waququzelela ezinye iihambo zokuhlola kwindawo enye. Olu hambo lwalucetyiwe ukufumanisa nokuhlola ummandla weYellowstone kodwa ngenxa yekhephu elinzima kunye nemozulu ebandayo enganyamezelekiyo, kwafuneka bawuphelise umsebenzi ngeenjongo zokhuseleko. Ethubeni, uBridger wathatha indlela ejijekileyo kwaye wakhokela uhambo oluya emazantsi ukunqumla iyuniyoni edlulayo ekhokelela kuMlambo iGros Ventre kwaye ekugqibeleni waphuma kummandla ngaphaya kwendlela yeTeton.
Isikhumbuzo seYellowstone National Park senziwa ngokusesikweni ngonyaka ka-1872 ukuya kumntla weJackson Hole. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwacwangciswa ngabalondolozi bendalo ukuba kuquke ukunwebeka koluhlu lweTeton phakathi kwemida eyandiswayo yeYellowstone National Park.
Kamva, Umongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wafumana ilitye lesikhumbuzo lesizwe iJackson Hole leehektare ezingama-221,000 eliqingqwe ngonyaka ka-1943. Eli litye lesikhumbuzo ngelo xesha lavusa impikiswano kuba lakhiwe kumhlaba owawunikelwe yinkampani yomhlaba iSnake River kwaye lagquma ipropati ebonelelwe lihlathi laseTeton National ngokunjalo. Ngeli xesha, amalungu eqela leCongress ahlala enza iinzame zokususa isikhumbuzo kwipropathi.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uluntu lwelizwe lwaxhasa ukufakwa kwesikhumbuzo kwipropati yale paki kwaye nangona kwakukho inkcaso evela kumaqela asekuhlaleni, isikhumbuzo songezwa ngempumelelo kwipropati.
Yayilusapho lukaJohn D Rockefeller olwaluphethe ifama yeJY esemdeni weGrand Teton National Park ukuya kuMazantsi-ntshona. Usapho lwakhetha ukunikezela ngobunini befama yalo kule paki ukuze kwakhiwe uvimba weLawrance S Rockefeller ngoNovemba 2007. Oku kwanikezelwa egameni labo ngomhla wama-21 kuJuni ka-2008.
ESTA IVisa yase-US kwi-Intanethi ngoku iyafumaneka ukuba ifunyenwe ngefowuni ephathwayo okanye ithebhulethi okanye iPC nge-imeyile, ngaphandle kokufuna utyelelo kwindawo US Uzakuzo. Kwakhona, Ifomu yesicelo seVisa yase-US yenziwe lula ukuba igqitywe kwi-intanethi kule website phantsi kwemizuzu emi-3.
Ijografi yomhlaba ochaphazelekayo
Ime kumbindi wengingqi yoMntla-ntshona we-USA, iGrand Teton National Park ibekwe eWyoming. Njengoko sele sikhankanyile ngasentla, ummandla ongasentla wepaki ukhuselwe yiJohn D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, enyanyekelwa yiGrand Teton National Park. Kwinxalenye esemazantsi yeGrand Teton National Park kuhlala uhola wendlela obukekayo onegama elifanayo.
Ubusazi ukuba iPaki yeSizwe iGrand Teton inabela malunga ne-310,000 yeehektare? Ngelixa, iJohn D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway inabela phantse kuma-23,700 eehektare. Inxalenye enkulu ye-Jackson Hole intlambo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba uninzi lweencopho zeentaba ezibonakalayo ezikrobe kuluhlu lweTeton zingaphakathi epakini.
I-Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem isasazeke kwindawo zamazwe amathathu ahlukeneyo kwaye yenza enye yezona zinto zinkulu, ezidityanisiweyo ze-ecosystem ephefumla emhlabeni namhlanje.
Ukuba uhamba usuka kwisiXeko saseSalt Lake, eUtah, ngoko umgama wakho ukusuka eGrand Teton National Park unokuba yimizuzu engama-290 (470 km) ngendlela kwaye ukuba usuka eDenver, eColorado ke umgama wakho ngendlela kufuneka ube ngama-550. imizuzu (890 km), ngendlela
Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole
IJackson Hole ikakhulu yintlambo entle enzulu enokuphakama okumalunga ne-6800 ft., ubunzulu obuyi-avareji malunga ne-6,350 ft. ) ubude nobubanzi obumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-1,940 (iikhilomitha ezili-55 ukuya kwezingama-89). Intlambo ime ngasempuma kudederhu lweeNtaba zeTeton, kwaye iyatyibilika ijonge ezantsi ukuya kwi-30,000 ft. Oku kwenza ibhlokhi ye-Jackson Hole ibizwa ngokuba ludonga olujingayo kunye nebhloko yentaba yaseTeton ekhunjulwa njengodonga lweenyawo.
Ummandla weJackson Hole ubukhulu becala ilithafa elinendawo nje yokuphakama ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho beBlacktail Butte kunye neenduli ezinje ngeSiginali yentaba iya ngokuchasene nenkcazo yeflatland yoludwe lweentaba.
Ukuba unqwenela ukubona ukudakumba komkhenkce epakini, kuya kufuneka uye kumzantsi-mpuma wechibi laseJackson. Apho uya kufumana izibonda ezininzi ezaziwa ngokuba 'ziiketile' kwingingqi. Ezi ketile zizalwa xa umkhenkce ofakwe kwisamente yegrabile ukhukuliswa ngokohlobo lwamaqhekeza omkhenkce kwaye uzinze kwindawo esanda kwakheka.
Uluhlu lweentaba zaseTeton
Uluhlu lweeNtaba zeTeton zinabela ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi kwaye zincopho kumhlaba weJackson Hole. Ubusazi na ukuba udederhu lweentaba zeTeton lwenza olona luhlu lweentaba luncinci olwakha lwaphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kwitsheyini yeeNtaba zeRocky? Intaba inotyekelo olusentshona apho inyuka ngokumangalisayo ukusuka kwintlambo yaseJackson Hole engasempuma kodwa iphawuleka ngakumbi ngakwintlambo yaseTeton ngasentshona.
Uvavanyo lwejografi olwenziwa kumaxesha ngamaxesha lucebisa ukuba iinyikima ezininzi ezenzeka kwimpazamo yeTeton zibangele ukufuduswa kancinci koluhlu ukuya kwicala lasentshona kunye nokuhla ukuya kwicala elingasempuma, kunye nokufuduswa komndilili ube lunyawo olunye (30 cm) okwenzeka kuma-300 ukuya. Iminyaka engama-400.
Imilambo namachibi
Xa ubushushu be-Jackson Hole baqala ukuhla, oko kwakhokelela ekunyibilikeni ngokukhawuleza komkhenkce kunye nokusekwa kwamachibi kulo mmandla, kwaye phakathi kwala machibi, elona chibi likhulu yi-Jackson Lake.
I-Jackson chibi ibekwe ngakwicala elingasentla lentlambo elimalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-24 ubude, iikhilomitha ezisi-8 ububanzi kwaye limalunga ne-438 ft. (134 m) ubunzulu. Kodwa into eyakhiwa ngesandla yayiyi-Jackson Lake Dam eyadalwa kwinqanaba eliphakanyiswe malunga ne-40 ft. (12 m).
Lo mmandla ukwanomlambo odume kakhulu weNyoka (ethiywe emva kokumila kwawo okuqukuqelayo) osuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, unqumla ipaki kwaye ungena kwichibi laseJackson elikufuphi nomda weGrand Teton National Park. Umlambo ke uqhubela phambili ukudibanisa amanzi edami laseJackson Lake kwaye ukusuka apho, ubheka emazantsi ucutha umngxuma weJackson kwaye ushiye ummandla wepaki ukuya kwintshona yesikhululo seenqwelomoya saseJackson Hole.
IFlora kunye neFowuni
Flora
Lo mmandla ulikhaya leentlobo ezingaphezu kwewaka zezityalo ezinemithambo. Ngenxa yokuphakama okungafaniyo kweentaba, ivumela izilwanyana zasendle ukuba ziphumelele kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kwaye ziphefumle kuzo zonke iindawo zendalo, ezibandakanya iAlpine Tundra kunye noluhlu lweeNtaba zeRocky ezivumela isiqhamo sokuthula emahlathini ngelixa ezantsi elukhukweni lwentlambo lukhula. indibaniselwano yemithi ye-coniferous kunye namagqabi avuthulukayo ehamba namathafa e-sagebrush achumayo kwi-alluvial deposits. Ukuphakama kweentaba kunye nokuba amaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kweentlobo.
Kumphakamo omalunga ne-10,000 ft. ebekwe phezu nje komgca womthi udubula ummandla weTundra kwintlambo yaseTeton. Ekubeni ingummandla ongenamithi, amawakawaka ezinto eziphilayo ezinjengobulembu nobulembu, ingca, iintyatyambo zasendle, nezinye izityalo ezaziwayo nezingaqondwayo ziphefumla emhlabeni. Ngokwahlukileyo koku, imithi efana neLimber pine, Whitebark, Pine fir kunye ne-Engelmann spruce ikhula ngamanani amahle.
Kwingingqi engaphantsi kweAlpine, sihla siye kumandlalo wentlambo sinespruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iDouglas fir kunye nelodgepole pine ehlala kwindawo. Ukuba uhamba kancinci ngaselunxwemeni lwamachibi kunye nomlambo, uya kufumana i-cottonwood, i-willow, i-aspen kunye ne-alder ichumile kwimigxobhozo.
izilwanyana
Enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane kubakhenkethi kwiGrand Teton National Park ziintlobo zayo ezingamashumi amathandathu ananye eentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezigcina kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga. Ezi ntlobo ziquka ingcuka entle engwevu eyaziwa ngokuba yacinywa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900 kodwa yaphinda yabuyela kummandla isuka eYellowstone National Park emva kokuba ibuyiselwe apho.
Ezinye izehlo ezixhaphake kakhulu epakini kubakhenkethi ziya kuba zezona zithandeka kakhulu i-otter yomlambo, i-bagger, i-marten kwaye i eyona coyote idumileyo. Ngaphandle kwezi, ezinye ezimbalwa zeziganeko ezinqabileyo zi-chipmunk, i-yellow-belly marmot, i-porcupines, i-pika, i-squirrels, i-beaver, i-muskrat kunye neentlobo ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo zelulwane. Kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu, sineelk ekhoyo ngoku kumawaka kulo mmandla.
Owu, ukuba ubukele iintaka kwaye uthanda ukwazi kunye nokubukela iintaka, ke le ndawo iya kuba yeyolonwabo olukhulu njengoko malunga neentlobo ezingama-300 zeentaka ezingaqhelekanga zibonwa apha rhoqo kwaye oku kubandakanya i-calliope hummingbird, i-trumpeter swans, i-merganser eqhelekileyo, idada le-harlequin, ihobe laseMelika kunye ne-teal enamaphiko aluhlaza.
FUNDA NGOKUGQITHISILEYO:
Ikhaya kwiipaki zelizwe ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amane ezisasazeke kuwo onke amaphondo alo angamashumi amahlanu, akukho ludwe lukhankanya iipaki ezininzi ezothusayo eUnited States ezinokuze luphelele. Funda ngakumbi ku Isikhokelo soKhenketho kwiiPaki zeSizwe eziDumileyo eMelika
I-Visa yase-ESTA yase-US yimvume yokuhamba nge-intanethi ukutyelela i-US ixesha elifikelela kwiintsuku ezingama-90.
Abemi baseSweden, Abemi baseFrance, Abemi baseAustralia, kunye Abemi baseNew Zealand unokufaka isicelo kwi-Intanethi ye-Visa yase-US.
