I-Grand Teton National Park, e-USA
Itholakala enhliziyweni yeNorth-Western Wyoming, iGrand Teton National Park yaziwa njenge-American National Park. Uzothola lapha uhla lweTeton oludume kakhulu okungenye yeziqongo ezinkulu kule paki ebanzi ecishe ibe ngu-310,000.
Imboni yezokuvakasha e-USA yaziwa ngokusiza izigidi nezigidi zabavakashi bangaphandle nabangebona abakwamanye amazwe minyaka yonke. Uhlelo lokuvakasha kanye nokuvakasha lwaba ngcono e-United States ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha ngokushesha. Ngo-1850, i-USA yaqala ukusiza abavakashi abavela emhlabeni wonke futhi yaqinisa ifa layo ngendlela yezimangaliso zemvelo, amagugu ezakhiwo, izinsalela zomlando kanye nemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa evuselelwe. Izindawo lapho intuthuko yaqala khona ukugeleza ngokugcwele kwakuyiBoston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, New York, Washington DC naseSan Francisco. Lezi kwakuyizindawo eziyinhloko ezabona uguquko olusheshayo kuwo wonke umqondo waleli gama.
Ngenkathi umhlaba uqala ukubona izimanga zaseMelika, mayelana nokuthuthuka kwezimboni kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha amakhulu, uhulumeni waqala ukulondoloza nokugcina izindawo zezivakashi ezidumile. Lezi zindawo zezivakashi zihlanganisa amagquma ahlukumeza inhliziyo, amapaki nobunye ubuhle bemvelo obufana nezimpophoma, amachibi, amahlathi, izigodi nokunye.
Itholakala enhliziyweni yeNorth-Western Wyoming, iGrand I-Teton National Park yaziwa njenge-American National Park. Uzothola lapha uhla lweTeton oludume kakhulu okungenye yeziqongo ezinkulu kule paki ebanzi ecishe ibe ngu-310,000. Uhla lweTeton lufinyelela ku-40-mile-ubude (64 km) cishe. Ingxenye esenyakatho yepaki ihamba ngegama elithi 'Jackson Hole' futhi ikakhulukazi inezigodi.
Ipaki itholakala cishe ngamamayela ayi-10 eningizimu ye-Yellowstone National Park edume kakhulu. Womabili la mapaki axhunywe yiNational Park Service futhi abhekwa nguJohn D Rockefeller Junior Memorial Parkway. Ungamangala ukwazi ukuthi yonke le ndawo ihlanganisa indawo ebanzi kakhulu futhi ehlanganiswe kakhulu yemvelo esezingeni eliphakathi ne-latitude. Uma uhlela ukuvakashela e-USA, iGrand Teton National Park ingenye yezindawo ongeke ukwazi ukuziphuthelwa. Ukuze wazi konke mayelana naleli paki, kusukela emsuka walo kuya ebuhleni balo banamuhla, landela isihloko esingezansi ukuze uma ufika endaweni, waziswe kusengaphambili ngemininingwane yalo futhi ungase ungadingi umqondisi wokuvakasha. Jabulela ukuntweza epaki!
Umlando we-Grand Teton National Park, e-USA
AmaPaleo-amaNdiya
Impucuko yokuqala ebhalisiwe eyaba khona eGrand Teton National Park kwakungamaPaleo-Indians, ahlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane eyi-11. Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo sezulu sase-Jackson Hole Valley sasibanda kakhulu futhi izinga lokushisa elifanele le-Alpine. Namuhla leli paki libhekene nesimo sezulu esomile. Ngaphambilini uhlobo lwabantu olwaluzobamba i-Jackson Hole Valley empeleni lwalungabazingeli futhi lwalufuduka ngendlela yabo yokuphila. Uma ubheka isimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo esibandayo sesifunda, uma uvakashela leli paki namuhla uzothola imigodi yomlilo ekhona namathuluzi enzelwe izinjongo zokuzingela eduze nogu lwechibi elidume kakhulu iJackson (okuyindawo evame kakhulu izivakashi ngenxa yobuhle bendawo yalo. kuhlanganisa). Lawa mathuluzi kanye neziko kwatholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kusukela kumathuluzi atholwe kule ndawo yokumba, amanye awo angawakwa- I-Clovis Culture futhi kamuva kwaqondwa ukuthi lamathuluzi ahlehlela emuva okungenani eminyakeni eyi-11,500. Lawa mathuluzi enziwe ngezinhlobo ezithile zamakhemikhali afakazela imithombo ye-Teton pass yamanje. Ngenkathi i-obsidian yayifinyeleleka kumaPaleo-Indians, imikhonto etholakala endaweni yayikhomba ukuthi ingeyaseNingizimu.
Kungacatshangwa kahle ukuthi umzila wokufuduka kwamaPaleo-Indians wawusuka eningizimu ye-Jackson Hole. Okuthakazelisa ukukuqaphela ukuthi indlela yokufuduka kwamaqembu omdabu aseMelika yayisazoshintsha isuka eminyakeni eyi-11000 iye eminyakeni eyi-500 edlule, futhi ikhombisa iqiniso lokuthi ngalesi sikhathi asikho uhlobo lokuhlala olwenziwa emazweni ase-Jackson Hole.
Ukuhlola kanye Nokwandiswa
Uhambo lokuqala olungekho emthethweni olwenziwe e-Grand Teton National Park kwaba nguLewis noClark abadlula eNyakatho yesifunda. Kwakuyisikhathi sasebusika lapho uColter edlula khona lesi sifunda futhi ngokomthetho waba umuntu wokuqala waseCaucasus ukunyathela emhlabathini waleli paki.
Umholi kaLewis noClark uWilliam Clark waze wanikeza imephu eyayiqokomisa uhambo lwabo lwangaphambili futhi yabonisa ukuthi uhambo lwenziwa uJohn Colter ngonyaka ka-1807. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kwanqunywa uClark noColter lapho behlangana eSaint Louis Missouri ngonyaka ka-1810.
Nokho, uhambo lokuqala olusemthethweni oluxhaswe uhulumeni ukuba lwenzeke eGrand Teton National Park lwalungonyaka ka-1859 kuya ku-1860 olubizwa ngokuthi iRaynolds Expedition. Lolu hambo lwaluholwa ukaputeni webutho uWilliam F. Raynolds futhi lwaluqondiswa uJim Bridger, owayeyindoda yasezintabeni. Lolu hambo luhlanganise nesazi sezemvelo u-F Hayden kamuva owahlela ezinye izinkambo endaweni efanayo. Lolu hambo lwaluhlelelwe ukuthola nokuhlola indawo yesifunda sase-Yellowstone kodwa ngenxa yeqhwa elinamandla kanye nesimo sezulu esibandayo esingabekezeleleki, kudingeke ukuthi bawuyeke lo mkhankaso ngezinjongo zokuphepha. Kamuva, u-Bridger wathatha indlela ephambukela futhi waqondisa uhambo oluya eningizimu ngaphesheya kwephasi yenyunyana eholela emfuleni i-Gros Ventre futhi wagcina ephuma esifundeni edlula i-Teton pass.
Isikhumbuzo se-Yellowstone National Park senziwa ngokusemthethweni ngonyaka we-1872 ngasenyakatho ye-Jackson Hole. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwahlelwa abalondolozi bemvelo ukuba kufakwe ububanzi bobubanzi beTeton ngaphakathi kwemingcele enwebekayo ye-Yellowstone National Park.
Kamuva, UMongameli Franklin Roosevelt wathola itshe lesikhumbuzo sikaJackson Hole National esingamahektha angu-221,000 esaqoshwa ngonyaka we-1943. Lesi sikhumbuzo ngaleso sikhathi savusa impikiswano ngoba sakhiwe endaweni enikelwe inkampani yomhlaba i-Snake River futhi simboza indawo enikezwe ihlathi le-Teton National. Ngaleso sikhathi, amalungu eqembu likaKhongolose ayehlale enza imizamo yokuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo lisuswe endaweni.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, umphakathi wezwe wakusekela ukufakwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo endaweni yaleli paki futhi nakuba kwakusenokuphikisa kwamaqembu endawo, leli tshe lesikhumbuzo lanezelwa ngempumelelo kule ndawo.
Kwakungumndeni ka-John D Rockefeller owawuphethe ipulazi le-JY elisemngceleni we-Grand Teton National Park ubheke eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Umndeni ukhethe ukunikeza ubunikazi bepulazi lawo epaki ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yokulondoloza i-Lawrance S Rockefeller ngoNovemba 2007. Lokhu kwanikezelwa egameni lawo ngoJuni 21, 2008.
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IJografi yezwe elihlanganisiwe
Itholakala enhliziyweni yesifunda saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga ye-USA, iGrand Teton National Park itholakala e-Wyoming. Njengoba sesishilo ngenhla, isifunda esisenyakatho yepaki sivikelwe yiJohn D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, enakekelwa yiGrand Teton National Park. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yeGrand Teton National Park kuhlala umgwaqo omkhulu wobuhle onegama elifanayo.
Ubuwazi ukuthi iGrand Teton National Park ifinyelela cishe kumahektha ayi-310,000? Nakuba, i-John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway ifinyelela cishe kumahektha angu-23,700. Ingxenye enkulu yesigodi sase-Jackson Hole kanye neziqongo eziningi zezintaba ezibonakalayo ezilunguza ku-Teton Range zingaphakathi kwepaki.
I-Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem isabalale ezindaweni zezifunda ezintathu ezahlukene futhi yakha enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu, ezihlanganisiwe ze-mid-latitude ecosystem ephefumula emhlabeni namuhla.
Uma kungenzeka ukuthi uhamba usuka eSalt Lake City, e-Utah, ibanga lakho ukusuka e-Grand Teton National Park kungaba amaminithi angu-290 (470 km) ngomgwaqo futhi uma usuka e-Denver, e-Colorado ibanga lakho ngomgwaqo kufanele libe ngu-550. imizuzu (890 km), ngomgwaqo
Jackson Hole
Jackson Hole
I-Jackson Hole ngokuyinhloko iyisigodi esihle esijulile esinokuphakama okulinganiselwa ku-6800 ft., ukujula okuyisilinganiso okungamamitha ayi-6,350 (1,940 m) futhi iseduze kakhulu nomngcele wepaki oseningizimu futhi ubude bamamayela angu-55 (89 km). ) ngobude obucishe bube ngamamayela angu-13 (amakhilomitha angu-10 kuya kwangu-21). Lesi sigodi sitholakala empumalanga yoKhanga Lwezintaba zaseTeton, futhi sishelela phansi siye ku-30,000 ft. (9,100 m), sizale i-Teton Fault kanye newele layo elihambisanayo elimakwe ohlangothini olusempumalanga yesigodi. Lokhu kwenza i-Jackson Hole block ibizwe ngodonga olulengayo kanye nebhulokhi yentaba yaseTeton ikhunjulwe njengodonga lwezinyawo.
Isifunda sase-Jackson Hole iningi lazo liyithafa elinendawo yokuphakama esukela eningizimu kuye enyakatho. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwe-Blacktail Butte namagquma afana ne-Signal mountain kuyaphikisana nencazelo ye-flatland ye-stretch yezintaba.
Uma ufisa ukubona ama-glacial depressions epaki, kufanele uqonde eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Jackson lake. Lapho uzothola amazinyo amaningi aziwa ngokuthi 'amaketela' esifundeni. Lawa maketela azalwa lapho iqhwa elifakwe phakathi kukakhonkolo wegravel ligezwa ngesimo samashidi eqhwa futhi lizinze endaweni esanda kwakheka.
Izintaba zaseTeton
Uhla lweNtaba iTeton lusuka enyakatho luye eningizimu futhi lufinyelela phezulu lusuka enhlabathini ye-Jackson Hole. Ubuwazi yini ukuthi ukhahlamba lwezintaba zaseTeton lwakha ukhahlamba lwezintaba oluncane kunazo zonke ezake zakhula ngokugcwele ochungechungeni lwe-Rocky Mountain? Intaba inendlela engasentshonalanga lapho ikhuphuka ngokumangalisayo isuka esigodini i-Jackson Hole esempumalanga kodwa igqame kakhulu ibheke esigodini saseTeton entshonalanga.
Ukuhlolwa kwendawo okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kusikisela ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba okuningi okwenzeka iphutha le-Teton kubangele ukugudluzwa kancane kancane kohla olubheke ohlangothini lwalo olusentshonalanga kanye nokugudluka okuya phansi ohlangothini olungasempumalanga, nokugudluzwa okujwayelekile kube yifithi elilodwa (30 cm) okwenzeka ku-300 kuya Iminyaka engama-400.
Imifula namachibi
Lapho izinga lokushisa le-Jackson Hole liqala ukwehla, kwaholela ekuncibilikeni okusheshayo kwezinguzunga zeqhwa nokwakheka kwamachibi esifundeni, futhi phakathi kwala machibi, ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke i-Jackson Lake.
Ichibi laseJackson libheke ejikeni elisenyakatho yesigodi esingaba ngu-24 km ubude, 8 km ububanzi futhi licishe libe ngama-438 ft. (134 m) ukujula. Kodwa okwakhiwa ngesandla i-Jackson Lake Dam elakhiwa ngezinga eliphakanyiswe cishe lafinyelela ku-40 ft. (12 m).
Lesi sifunda siphinde sibe nomfula odume kakhulu weNyoka (oqanjwe ngesimo sawo sokugeleza) osuka enyakatho uye eningizimu, unqamule epaki futhi ungene echibini laseJackson eliseduze nomngcele weGrand Teton National Park. Umfula ube usuqhubekela phambili ukuze uhlangane namanzi edamu i-Jackson Lake futhi usuka lapho, ubheke eningizimu unqamula i-Jackson Hole futhi ushiye isifunda sepaki uye entshonalanga yesikhumulo sezindiza i-Jackson Hole.
I-Flora ne-Fauna
Flora
Lesi sifunda sinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zezitshalo ezinemithambo yegazi. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kokuphakama kwezintaba, kuvumela izilwane zasendle ukuba zichume ezingxenyeni ezihlukene futhi ziphefumule kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo, okuhlanganisa i-Alpine Tundra kanye nohla lwe-Rocky Mountain okuvumela ukuqhakaza kwengxabano emahlathini ngenkathi phansi embhedeni wesigodi kukhula. inhlanganisela yezihlahla ze-coniferous nezivundile ezihambisana namathafa e-sagebrush achuma ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini. Ukuphakama okuhlukahlukene kwezintaba nokuthi izinga lokushisa elihlukahlukene lidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ekuphakameni okungaba ngu-10,000 ft. okutholakala ngenhla nje komugqa wesihlahla kuqhakaza isifunda saseTundra esigodini saseTeton. Njengoba ziyisifunda esingenamithi, izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifana nobulembu nolele, utshani, izimbali zasendle, nezinye izitshalo eziqashelwayo nezingaziwa ziphefumula enhlabathini. Ngokuphambene nalokhu, izihlahla ezifana ne-Limber pine, Whitebark, Pine fir ne-Engelmann spruce zikhula ngamanani amahle.
Esifundeni esingaphansi kwe-Alpine, sehlela phansi embhedeni wesigodi sinespruce esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-Douglas fir kanye nophayini we-lodgepole okuhlala endaweni. Uma uhamba kancane ubheke ogwini lwamachibi nomfula, uzothola i-cottonwood, i-willow, i-aspen kanye ne-alder ichuma ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.
Fauna
Enye yezinto ezikhanga izivakashi eGrand Teton National Park yizinhlobo zayo zezilwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanye ezifukamela ezindaweni ezingavamile. Lezi zinhlobo zihlanganisa impisi empunga enhle eyaziwa ukuthi yasulwa ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1900 kodwa yabuya esifundeni isuka e-Yellowstone National Park ngemva kokubuyiselwa lapho.
Ezinye izehlakalo ezivame kakhulu epaki kubavakashi zingaba yinhle kakhulu I-otter yomfula, i-bagger, i-marten futhi I-coyote edume kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ezinye izenzakalo ezimbalwa ezingavamile ukwenzeka i-chipmunk, i-yellow-belly marmot, izingungumbane, i-pika, izingwejeje, ama-beaver, ama-muskrat kanye nezinhlobo eziyisithupha zamalulwane. Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu, sine-elk manje etholakala ezinkulungwaneni esifundeni.
Oh, uma uthanda ukubukela izinyoni futhi uthanda ukwazi nokubuka izinyoni, khona-ke le ndawo ingaba yinto ejabulisayo njengoba kunezinhlobo ezingajwayelekile ezingaba ngu-300 zezinyoni ezibonwa lapha njalo futhi lokhu kufaka i-calliope hummingbird, ama-trumpeter swans, i-common merganser, idada le-harlequin, ijuba laseMelika kanye ne-teal enamaphiko aluhlaza.
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